The skin, the largest organ in the human body, performs essential functions such as protecting us from external agents, regulating body temperature and participating in the immune system. However, as it is constantly exposed to the environment, it is also one of the organs most vulnerable to alterations. In fact, according to the Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (AEDV), more than 40% of the population suffers from some kind of dermatological problem at least once a year, with many of these problems requiring medical consultation.
Knowing the most common skin problems is essential for detecting warning signs early and seeking a proper diagnosis. Although some disorders may be mild or self-limiting, others may require specialised follow-up to avoid complications or permanent sequelae. Below, we review the most common dermatological conditions, their main symptoms, and when to see a dermatologist.
Acne: beyond adolescence
Acne is one of the most prevalent skin conditions. Although it usually begins during puberty, it is estimated that up to 15% of adults over the age of 25 suffer from it, especially women. This inflammatory condition mainly affects the face, chest and back, and is characterised by the appearance of blackheads, pustules and, in some cases, deeper lesions such as nodules or cysts.
Acne not only has a physical impact, but also a psychological one, as it can affect self-esteem and social relationships. Treatment should be individualised and can range from topical products containing retinoids or benzoyl peroxide to oral treatments such as antibiotics or isotretinoin in severe cases.
Dermatitis: the most common skin inflammation
The term ‘dermatitis’ encompasses several inflammatory skin conditions. The most common are:
Atopic dermatitis, which affects up to 20% of children and can persist into adulthood.
Seborrheic dermatitis, common on the scalp and oily areas of the face.
Contact dermatitis, which can be irritant or allergic, caused by cosmetics, metals, detergents or chemicals.
Common symptoms include redness, itching, flaking and, in some cases, blisters. Management includes avoiding triggers, keeping the skin moisturised and using topical treatments such as corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors.
Psoriasis: a chronic inflammatory disease
Psoriasis affects approximately 2–3% of the world’s population. It is an autoimmune disease that causes excessive skin renewal, resulting in thick, scaly, red patches, usually on the elbows, knees, scalp, and back.
In addition to skin manifestations, it can be associated with joint involvement (psoriatic arthritis) and other comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease. Treatment ranges from emollient creams and topical corticosteroids or vitamin D derivatives to systemic or biological therapies in moderate to severe cases.
Skin infections: bacterial, viral and fungal
Skin infections are another common reason for dermatological consultations. Some of the most frequent are:
Impetigo (bacterial), very common in children.
Herpes simplex or herpes zoster, caused by viruses.
Ringworm, a fungal infection affecting different parts of the body.
Candidiasis, common in folds and moist areas.
Early diagnosis allows for the initiation of appropriate treatment (antibiotics, antivirals, or antifungals) and prevents spread or complications.
Skin cancer: the risk of cumulative sun exposure
Skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer worldwide. In Spain, more than 78,000 new cases are diagnosed each year, according to data from the AEDV. The main types are:
Basal cell carcinoma, the most common and slow-growing type.
Squamous cell carcinoma, more aggressive.
Melanoma, less common but more dangerous due to its ability to metastasise.
Excessive sun exposure and sunburn during childhood are significant risk factors. Self-examination of moles and regular dermatological check-ups are key to early detection and effective treatment.
Hives and allergic reactions
Hives appear as red welts that itch intensely and can be acute (lasting less than 6 weeks) or chronic. In many cases, the cause cannot be identified, although it may be related to food, medication, infections or stress. Treatment is based on antihistamines and, in severe cases, corticosteroids.
Hives and allergic reactions
Rosacea is a chronic condition that mainly affects adults with fair skin. It is characterised by facial redness, dilated blood vessels (telangiectasia), pimples and, in some cases, eye inflammation. Although there is no cure, it can be controlled with topical treatments, vascular laser therapy and measures to avoid triggers such as sun exposure, alcohol and sudden changes in temperature.
When should you see a dermatologist?
It is advisable to consult a dermatologist if you experience any of the following signs:
Lesions that change shape, colour or size.
Persistent itching or redness.
Severe acne or acne that leaves scars.
Abnormal hair loss.
Changes in moles or the appearance of new spots.
Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to prevent complications, alleviate symptoms, and improve the patient’s quality of life.